Essentials Of Pathophysiology 3rd Edition By Carol Mattson Porth-Test Bank

1. The core ________, crucial for cell function and survival.
A) functions as the site of protein synthesis
B) includes the genetic code
C) alters cellular energy
D) starts aerobic metabolism

2. Though energy isn’t produced in mitochondria, they are termed the “powerhouses” of the cell due to their ability to:
A) possess RNA for protein synthesis.
B) engage in glycolysis for oxidative energy.
C) derive energy from organic compounds.
D) retain calcium bonds for muscle contractions.

3. While the cell plasma membrane’s basic structure comprises a lipid bilayer, most specific membrane functions are carried out by:
A) attached and transmembrane proteins.
B) intricate, lengthy carbohydrate chains.
C) surface antigens and hormone receptors.
D) a selective ion channel gating system.

4. To effectively transmit signals, cell-to-cell communication uses chemical messenger systems that:
A) displace surface receptor proteins.
B) gather within cell gap junctions.
C) bind to contractile microfilaments.
D) release secretions into extracellular fluid.

5. Aerobic metabolism, known as oxidative metabolism, generates energy by:
A) detaching phosphate bonds from ATP.
B) combining hydrogen and oxygen to create water.
C) activating pyruvate stored in the cytoplasm.
D) breaking down glucose to form lactic acid.

6. Exocytosis, the opposite of endocytosis, plays a crucial role in _______ into the extracellular fluid.
A) Engulfing and ingesting fluid and proteins for transport
B) Killing, degrading, and dissolving harmful microorganisms
C) Removing cellular debris and releasing synthesized substances
D) Destruction of particles by lysosomal enzymes for secretion

7. The process that generates and conducts membrane potentials is:
A) ion diffusion of current-carrying ions.
B) electrical potential millivolts.
C) polarization of charged particles.
D) ion channel neurotransmission.

8. Epithelial tissues are categorized according to cell shape and layer count. Which is a correctly matched description and type of epithelial tissue?
A) Simple epithelium: cells in contact with intercellular matrix; some don’t extend to surface
B) Stratified epithelium: single layer of cells; all cells rest on basement membrane
C) Glandular epithelium: derive from surface epithelia and underlying connective tissue
D) Pseudostratified epithelium: multiple layers of cells; deepest layer rests on basement membrane

9. Connective tissue consists of fibroblasts that are responsible for:
A) forming a fibrous framework for capillaries.
B) synthesizing collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers.
C) creating tendons and muscle-covering fascia.
D) filling gaps between tissues to maintain organ position.

10. While all muscle tissue cells share some similarities, smooth muscle (or involuntary muscle) differs by:
A) having dense bodies linked to actin filaments.
B) containing sarcomeres between Z lines and M bands.
C) offering rapid contractions and abundant cross-striations.
D) contracting upon increased intracellular calcium.

11. Which function of the nucleus is carried out by ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
A) Copying and bearing DNA instructions for protein synthesis
B) Transporting amino acids to the protein synthesis site
C) Acting as the site where protein synthesis occurs
D) Regulating and overseeing protein synthesis

12. Organelles responsible for breaking down and removing foreign substances and worn-out cell parts:
A) Lysosomes
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Ribosomes
D) Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

13. Malfunction in peroxisome function would result in:
A) inadequate sites for protein synthesis.
B) an inability to transport cellular products across the cell membrane.
C) insufficient energy production within a cell.
D) accumulation of free radicals in the cytoplasm.

14. In a couple struggling with fertility, the man’s sperm showing reduced motility may be due to defects in which cellular component?
A) Ribosomes
B) Microtubules
C) Mitochondria
D) Microfilaments

15. What is true about glycolysis?
A) Glycolysis necessitates oxygen.
B) Glycolysis occurs in mitochondria-less cells.
C) Glycolysis meets most of the body’s energy requirements.
D) Glycolysis generates energy, water, and carbon dioxide.

16. Which membrane transport mechanism requires the most energy?
A) Facilitated diffusion
B) Passive transport
C) Vesicular transport
D) Simple diffusion

17. A diabetic patient lacking sufficient insulin for increased glucose transporter availability exhibits hyperglycemia. Which process would facilitate glucose crossing cell membranes?
A) Facilitated diffusion
B) Simple diffusion
C) Secondary active transport
D) Endocytosis

18. What’s true about skeletal muscle cells?
A) Each has apical, lateral, and basal surfaces.
B) They’re closely linked via cell-to-cell adhesion molecules.
C) Their basal surface attaches to a basement membrane.
D) Skeletal muscle lacks true cell boundaries and is multinucleated.

19. Which body tissue has the highest turnover rate?
A) The squamous epithelial cells of the skin
B) The connective tissue supporting blood vessels
C) The skeletal muscle involved in movement
D) The nervous tissue of the central nervous system

20. A condition affecting desmosomes is most likely to show:
A) impaired skeletal and smooth muscle contraction.
B) weakened extracellular collagen and elastin fibers.
C) disrupted neuron-effector organ communication.
D) separation at epithelial cell junctions.