0. Introduction Thermodynamic System and its Interactions with the Environment
0.1 Thermodynamic Programs
0.2 Examination and Animations
0.3 Examples of Thermodynamic Programs
0.4 Interactions Between The System and its Environment
0.5 Mass Interplay
0.6 Examination and the Daemons
0.7 Power, Work, and Warmth
0.7.1 Warmth and Heating Fee (Q, Q)
0.7.2 Work and Energy (W, W#)
0.8 Work Switch Mechanisms
0.8.1 Mechanical Work (WM, W#M)
0.8.2 Shaft Work (Wsh, W#sh)
0.1.5 Electrical Work (Wel , Wel#)
0.8.3 Boundary Work (WB, W#B)
0.8.4 Move Work (W#F)
0.8.5 Internet Work Switch (W#, Wext)
0.8.6 Different Interactions
0.9 Closure
1. Description of a System: States And Properties
1.1 Penalties of Interactions
1.2 States
1.3 Macroscopic vs. Microscopic Thermodynamics
1.4 An Picture Analogy
1.5 Properties of State
1.5.1 Property Analysis by State Daemons
1.5.2 Properties Associated to System Dimension (V, A, m, n, m # , V#, n #)
1.5.3 Density and Particular Quantity (r, v)
1.5.4 Velocity and Elevation (V, z)
1.5.5 Stress (p)
1.5.6 Temperature (T)
1.5.7 Saved Power (E, KE, PE, U, e, ke, pe, u, E#)
1.5.8 Move Power and Enthalpy (j, J#, h, H#)
1.5.9 Entropy (S, s)
1.5.10 Exergy (f, c)
1.6 Property Classification
1.7 Analysis of Prolonged State
1.8 Closure
2. Improvement of Stability Equations for Mass, Power, and Entropy: Software to Closed-Regular Programs
2.1 Stability Equations
2.1.1 Mass Stability Equation
2.1.2 Power Stability Equation
2.1.3 Entropy Stability Equation
2.1.4 Entropy and Reversibility
2.2 Closed-Regular Programs
2.3 Cycles—a Particular Case of Closed-Regular Programs
2.3.1 Warmth Engine
2.3.2 Fridge and Warmth Pump
2.3.3 The Carnot Cycle
2.3.4 The Kelvin Temperature Scale
2.4 Closure
3. Analysis of Properties: Materials Fashions
3.1 Thermodynamic Equilibrium and States
3.1.1 Equilibrium and LTE (Native Thermodynamic Equilibrium)
3.1.2 The State Postulate
3.1.3 Differential Thermodynamic Relations
3.2 Materials Fashions
3.2.1 State Daemons and TEST-Codes
3.3 The SL (Stable>Liquid) Mannequin
3.3.1 SL Mannequin Assumptions
3.3.2 Equations of State
3.3.3 Mannequin Abstract: SL Mannequin
3.4 The PC (Section-Change) Mannequin
3.4.1 A New Pair of Properties—Qualities x and y
3.4.2 Numerical Simulation
3.4.3 Property Diagrams
3.4.4 Extending the Diagrams: The Stable Section
3.4.5 Thermodynamic Property Tables
3.4.6 Analysis of Section Composition
3.4.7 Properties of Saturated Combination
3.4.8 Subcooled or Compressed Liquid
3.4.9 Supercritical Vapor or Liquid
3.4.10 Sublimation States
3.4.11 Mannequin Summary—PC Mannequin
3.5 GAS MODELS
3.5.1 The IG (Supreme Gasoline) and PG (Excellent Gasoline) Fashions
3.5.2 IG and PG Mannequin Assumptions
3.5.3 Equations of State
3.5.4 Mannequin Abstract: PG and IG Fashions
3.5.5 The RG (Actual Gasoline) Mannequin
3.5.6 RG Mannequin Assumptions
3.5.7 Compressibility Charts
3.5.8 Different Equations of State
3.5.9 Mannequin Abstract: RG Mannequin
3.6 Combination Fashions
3.6.1 Vacuum
3.7 Normal Reference State and Reference Values
3.8 Choice of a Mannequin
3.9 Closure
4. Mass, Power, and Entropy Evaluation of Open-Regular Programs
4.1 Governing Equations and Gadget Efficiencies
4.1.1 TEST and the Open-Regular Daemons
4.1.2 Energetic Effectivity
4.1.3 Internally Reversible System
4.1.4 Isentropic Effectivity
4.2 Complete Evaluation
4.2.1 Pipes, Ducts, or Tubes
4.2.2 Nozzles and Diffusers
4.2.3 Generators
4.2.4 Compressors, Followers, and Pumps
4.2.5 Throttling Valves
4.2.6 Warmth Exchangers
4.2.7 TEST and the Multi-Move Non-Mixing Daemons
4.2.8 Mixing Chambers and Separators
4.2.9 TEST and the Multi-Move Mixing Daemons
4.3 Closure
5. Mass, Power, and Entropy Evaluation of Unsteady Programs
5.1 Unsteady Processes
5.1.1 Closed Processes
5.1.2 TEST and the Closed-Course of Daemons
5.1.3 Energetic Effectivity and Reversibility
5.1.4 Uniform Closed Processes
5.1.5 Non-Uniform Programs
5.1.6 TEST and the Non-Uniform Closed-Course of Daemons
5.1.7 Open Processes
5.1.8 TEST and Open-Course of Daemons
5.2 Transient Evaluation
5.2.1 Closed Transient Programs
5.2.2 Remoted Programs
5.2.3 Mechanical Programs
5.2.4 Open Transient Programs
5.3 Differential Processes
5.4 Thermodynamic Cycle as a Closed Course of
5.4.1 Origin of Inner Power
5.4.2 Clausius Inequality and Entropy
5.5 Closure
6. Exergy Stability Equation: Software to Regular and Unsteady Programs
6.1 Exergy Stability Equation
6.1.1 Exergy, Reversible Work, and Irreversibility
6.1.2 TEST Daemons for Exergy Evaluation
6.2 Closed-Regular Programs
6.2.1 Exergy Evaluation of Cycles
6.3 Open-Regular Programs
6.4 Closed Processes
6.5 Open Processes
6.6 Closure
7. Reciprocating Closed Energy Cycles
7.1 The Closed Carnot Warmth Engine
7.1.1 Significance of the Carnot Engine
7.2 IC Engine Terminology
7.3 Air-Normal Cycles
7.3.1 TEST and the Reciprocating Cycle Daemons
7.4 Otto Cycle
7.4.1 Cycle Evaluation
7.4.2 Qualitative Efficiency Predictions
7.4.3 Gasoline Consideration
7.5 Diesel Cycle
7.5.1 Cycle Evaluation
7.5.2 Gasoline Consideration
7.6 Twin Cycle
7.7 Atkinson and Miller Cycles
7.8 Stirling Cycle
7.9 Two-Stroke Cycle
7.10 Fuels
7.11 Closure
8. Open Gasoline Energy Cycle
8.1 The Gasoline Turbine
8.2 The Air-Normal Brayton Cycle
8.2.1 TEST and the Open Gasoline Energy-Cycle Daemons
8.2.2 Gasoline Consideration
8.2.3 Qualitative Efficiency Predictions
8.2.4 Irreversibilities in an Precise Cycle
8.2.5 Exergy Accounting of Brayton Cycle
8.3 Gasoline Turbine With Regeneration
8.4 Gasoline Turbine With Reheat
8.5 Gasoline Turbine With Intercooling and Reheat
8.6 Regenerative Gasoline Turbine With Reheat and Intercooling
8.7 Gasoline Generators For Jet Propulsion
8.7.1 The Momentum Stability Equation
8.7.2 Jet Engine Efficiency
8.7.3 Air-Normal Cycle for Turbojet Evaluation
8.8 Different Types of Jet Propulsion
8.9 Closure
9. Open Vapor Energy Cycles
9.1 The Steam Energy Plant
9.2 The Rankine Cycle
9.2.1 Carbon Footprint
9.2.2 TEST and the Open Vapor Energy Cycle Daemons
9.2.3 Qualitative Efficiency Predictions
9.2.4 Parametric Examine of the Rankine Cycle
9.2.5 Irreversibilities in an Precise Cycle
9.2.6 Exergy Accounting of Rankine Cycle
9.3 Modification of Rankine Cycle
9.3.1 Reheat Rankine Cycle
9.3.2 Regenerative Rankine Cycle
9.4 Cogeneration
9.5 Binary Vapor Cycle
9.6 Mixed Cycle
9.7 Closure
10. Refrigeration Cycles
10.1 Fridges and Warmth Pump
10.2 Examination and the Refrigeration Cycle Daemons
10.3 Vapor-Refrigeration Cycles
10.3.1 Carnot Refrigeration Cycle
10.3.2 Vapor Compression Cycle
10.3.3 Evaluation of an Supreme Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
10.3.4 Qualitative Efficiency Predictions
10.3.5 Precise Vapor-Compression Cycle
10.3.6 Parts of a Vapor-Compression Plant
10.3.7 Exergy Accounting of Vapor Compression Cycle
10.3.8 Refrigerant Choice
10.3.9 Cascade Refrigeration Programs
10.3.10 Multistage Refrigeration with Flash Chamber
10.4 Absorption Refrigeration Cycle
10.5 Gasoline Refrigeration Cycles
10.5.1 Reversed Brayton Cycle
10.5.2 Linde-Hampson Cycle
10.6 Warmth Pump Programs
10.7 Closure
11. Analysis of Properties: Thermodynamic Relations
11.1 Thermodynamic Relations
11.1.1 The Tds Relations
11.1.2 Partial Differential Relations
11.1.3 The Maxwell Relations
11.1.4 The Clapeyron Equation
11.1.5 The Clapeyron-Clausius Equation
11.2 Analysis of Properties
11.2.1 Inner Power
11.2.2 Enthalpy
11.2.3 Entropy
11.2.4 Quantity Expansivity and Compressibility
11.2.5 Particular Heats
11.2.6 Joule-Thompson Coefficient
11.3 The Actual Gasoline (RG) Mannequin
11.4 Combination Fashions
11.4.1 Combination Composition
11.4.2 Combination Daemons
11.4.3 PG and IG Combination Fashions
11.4.4 Mass, Power, and Entropy Equations for IG-Mixtures
11.4.5 Actual Gasoline Combination Mannequin
11.5 Closure
12. Psychrometry
12.1 The Moist Air Mannequin
12.1.1 Mannequin Assumptions
12.1.2 Saturation Processes
12.1.3 Absolute and Relative Humidity
12.1.4 Dry- and Moist-Bulb Temperatures
12.1.5 Moist Air (MA) Daemons
12.1.6 Extra properties of Moist Air
12.2 Mass And Power Stability Equations
12.2.1 Open-Regular Gadget
12.2.2 Closed Course of
12.3 Adiabatic Saturation and Moist-Bulb Temperature
12.4 Psychrometric Chart
12.5 Air-Conditioning Processes
12.5.1 Easy Heating or Cooling
12.5.2 Heating with Humidification
12.5.3 Cooling with Dehumidification
12.5.4 Evaporative Cooling
12.5.5 Adiabatic Mixing
12.5.6 Moist Cooling Tower
12.6 Closure
13. Combustion
13.1 Combustion Response
13.1.1 Combustion Daemons
13.1.2 Fuels
13.1.3 Air
13.1.4 Combustion Merchandise
13.2 System Evaluation
13.3 Open-Regular Gadget
13.3.1 Enthalpy of Formation
13.3.2 Power Evaluation
13.3.3 Entropy Evaluation
13.3.4 Exergy Evaluation
13.3.5 Isothermal Combustion—Gasoline Cells
13.3.6 Adiabatic Combustion—Energy Vegetation
13.4 Closed Course of
13.5 Combustion Efficiencies
13.6 Closure
14. Equilibrium
14.1 Standards for Equilibrium
14.2 Equilibrium of Gasoline Mixtures
14.3 Section Equilibrium
14.3.1 Osmotic Stress and Desalination
14.4 Chemical Equilibrium
14.4.1 Equilibrium Daemons
14.4.2 Equilibrium Composition
14.5 Closure
15. Gasoline Dynamics
15.1 One-Dimensional Move
15.1.1 Static, Stagnation and Whole Properties
15.1.2 The Gasoline Dynamics Daemon
15.2 Isentropic Move of a Excellent Gasoline
15.3 Mach Quantity
15.4 Form of an Isentropic Duct
15.5 Isentropic Desk for Excellent Gases
15.6 Impact of Again Stress: Converging Nozzle
15.7 Impact of Again Stress: Converging-Diverging Nozzle
15.7.1 Regular Shock
15.7.2 Regular Shock in a Nozzle
15.8 Nozzle and Diffuser Coefficients
15.9 Closure
Appendices
Glossary
Index
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